What is a variable deceleration, and what does it indicate?

A variable deceleration is characterized by a sudden decrease in fetal heart rate that can vary in duration and severity. This type of deceleration commonly indicates umbilical cord compression, which can occur during labor when the umbilical cord becomes pinched or kinked, limiting oxygen delivery to the fetus. The variable nature of these decelerations is a key feature; they do not follow a consistent pattern and can occur with contractions or even during periods of fetal rest. Recognizing variable decelerations is crucial for clinicians as they may signal the need for interventions to alleviate cord compression to prevent fetal distress.